Nigerian property transactions involve a unique set of documents that determine legal ownership and protect both buyers and sellers. Here is what every property seeker must understand.
Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
A C of O is a state government document that grants the holder a 99-year leasehold right over the land. It is the gold standard title document in Nigeria. Before any purchase, verify the C of O at the relevant state Land Registry.
Right of Occupancy (R of O)
In northern states and Federal Capital Territory (FCT), properties are issued Rights of Occupancy rather than C of O. These carry equivalent legal weight but are administered differently.
Survey Plan
A survey plan describes the exact boundaries and dimensions of a parcel of land. It must be prepared by a licensed surveyor and filed with the state surveyor general. Never buy land without a registered survey plan.
Deed of Assignment
When a property is sold, the seller executes a Deed of Assignment transferring all rights to the buyer. This document must be stamped by the state tax authority and registered at the Land Registry to be legally effective.
Governor's Consent
Under the Land Use Act of 1978, any transfer of an existing interest requires the consent of the state Governor (in practice, the Commissioner for Lands). Without Governor's Consent, the transaction is incomplete and may be challenged.
Building Plan Approval
All developments must obtain approval from the state planning authority (e.g., Lagos State Physical Planning Permit Authority – LASPPPA). Buying a property without approved building plans exposes you to demolition risk.
Tax Clearance
Sellers must typically provide a current tax clearance certificate as part of the transaction documentation.
Practical checklist before you buy:
- Request originals (not photocopies) of C of O / R of O - Conduct a Land Registry search - Verify the survey plan with the Surveyor General's office - Engage a lawyer to prepare and review the Deed of Assignment - Pay stamp duty and register the deed before completion
Using Yard's verified listings means the platform has already conducted basic document checks — but always engage your own independent lawyer before completing any transaction.